Chrysanthemin

Chrysanthemin
Names

IUPAC name (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromenylium-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol chloride
Other names Chrysontenin Glucocyanidin Asterin Chrysanthemin Purple corn color Kuromanin Kuromanin chloride Cyanidin 3-glucoside Cyanidol 3-glucoside Cyanidine 3-glucoside Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside Cyanidin 3-monoglucoside C3G
Identifiers
CAS Number	7084-24-4^Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	170681^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.027.622
KEGG	C08604^Y
PubChem CID	197081
UNII	8X15R84UEM^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID401028798
InChI InChI=1S/C21H20O11.ClH/c22-7-16-17(27)18(28)19(29)21(32-16)31-15-6-10-12(25)4-9(23)5-14(10)30-20(15)8-1-2-11(24)13(26)3-8;/h1-6,16-19,21-22,27-29H,7H2,(H3-,23,24,25,26);1H/t16-,17-,18+,19-,21-;/m1./s1^Y Key: YTMNONATNXDQJF-UBNZBFALSA-N^Y InChI=1/C21H20O11.ClH/c22-7-16-17(27)18(28)19(29)21(32-16)31-15-6-10-12(25)4-9(23)5-14(10)30-20(15)8-1-2-11(24)13(26)3-8;/h1-6,16-19,21-22,27-29H,7H2,(H3-,23,24,25,26);1H/t16-,17-,18+,19-,21-;/m1./s1 Key: YTMNONATNXDQJF-UBNZBFALBB
SMILES [Cl-].O(c1c([o+]c2c(c1)c(O)cc(O)c2)c3ccc(O)c(O)c3)[C@@H]4O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)CO
Properties
Chemical formula	C₂₁H₂₁O₁₁⁺, Cl⁻ C₂₁H₂₁ClO₁₁
Molar mass	484.83 g/mol (chloride) 449.38 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is ^YN ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Chrysanthemin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3-glucoside of cyanidin (kuromanin).^[1]

Natural occurrences

Chrysanthemin can be found in the roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malvaceae), different Japanese angiosperms,^[2] Rhaponticum (Asteraceae),^[3] The fruits of the smooth arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum, Caprifoliaceae) appear blue. One of the major pigments is cyanidin 3-glucoside, but the total mixture is very complex.^[4]

In food

Chrysanthemin has been detected in blackcurrant pomace, in European elderberry,^[5] in red raspberries, in soybean seed coats,^[6] in Victoria plum,^[7] in peach,^[8] lychee and açaí.^[9] It is found in red oranges^[10] and black rice.^[11]

It is the major anthocyanin in purple corn (Zea mays). Purple corn is approved in Japan and listed in the "Existing Food Additive List" as purple corn color.^[12]

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in Escherichia coli was demonstrated by means of genetic engineering.^[13]

In Arabidopsis thaliana, a glycosyltransferase, UGT79B1, is involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. UGT79B1 protein converts cyanidin 3-O-glucoside to cyanidin 3-O-xylosyl(1→2)glucoside.^[14]

References

^ "Cyanidin 3-glucoside". PubChem. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
^ Yoshitama, Kunijiro (1972). "A survey of anthocyanins in sprouting leaves of some Japanese angiosperms studies on anthocyanins, LXV". The Botanical Magazine Tokyo. 85 (4): 303–306. doi:10.1007/BF02490176. S2CID 46453668.
^ Vereskovskii, VV (1978). "Chrysanthemin and cyanin in species of the genusRhaponticum". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 14 (4): 450–451. doi:10.1007/BF00565267. S2CID 4817423.
^ Francis, FJ (1989). "Food colorants: Anthocyanins". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 28 (4): 273–314. doi:10.1080/10408398909527503. PMID 2690857.
^ Foods in which the polyphenol Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside is found, http://www.phenol-explorer.eu/contents/polyphenol/9
^ Choung, Myoung-Gun; Baek, In-Youl; Kang, Sung-Taeg; Han, Won-Young; Doo-Chull, Shin; Moon, Huhn-Pal; Kang, Kwang-Hee (2001). "Isolation and Determination of Anthocyanins in Seed Coats of Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (12): 5848–5851. doi:10.1021/jf010550w. PMID 11743773.
^ Dickinson, D (1956). "The chemical constituents of victoria plums: Chrysanthemin, acid and pectin contents". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 7 (11): 699–705. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740071103.
^ Postharvest sensory and phenolic characterization of 'Elegant Lady and 'Carson' peaches. Rodrigo Infante, Loreto Contador, Pía Rubio, Danilo Aros and Álvaro Peña-Neira, Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 71(3), July–September 2011, pages 445–451 (article)
^ Del Pozo-Insfran D, Brenes CH, Talcott ST (March 2004). "Phytochemical composition and pigment stability of Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 (6): 1539–45. doi:10.1021/jf035189n. PMID 15030208.
^ Felgines, C; Texier, O; Besson, C; Vitaglione, P; Lamaison, JL; Fogliano, V; Scalbert, A; Vanella, L; Galvano, F (2008). "Influence of glucose on cyanidin 3-glucoside absorption in rats". Mol Nutr Food Res. 52 (8): 959–64. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700377. PMID 18646002.
^ Um, Min Young; Ahn, Jiyun; Ha, Tae Youl (2013-09-01). "Hypolipidaemic effects of cyanidin 3-glucoside rich extract from black rice through regulating hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 93 (12): 3126–3128. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6070. ISSN 1097-0010. PMID 23471845.
^ Anthocyanins isolated from purple corn (Zea mays L.). Hiromitsu Aoki, Noriko Kuze and Yoshiaki Kato (article Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine)
^ Yan Y, Chemler J, Huang L, Martens S, Koffas MA (2005). "Metabolic engineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (7): 3617–23. Bibcode:2005ApEnM..71.3617Y. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3617-3623.2005. PMC 1169036. PMID 16000769.
^ Yonekura-Sakakibara, Keiko; Fukushima, Atsushi; Nakabayashi, Ryo; Hanada, Kousuke; Matsuda, Fumio; Sugawara, Satoko; Inoue, Eri; Kuromori, Takashi; Ito, Takuya; Shinozaki, Kazuo; Wangwattana, Bunyapa; Yamazaki, Mami (2012). "Two glycosyltransferases involved in anthocyanin modi?cation delineated by transcriptome independent component analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Journal. 69 (1): 154–167. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04779.x. PMC 3507004. PMID 21899608.

Anthocyanidins and their anthocyanin glucosides

3-Hydroxyanthocyanidins

3-Deoxyanthocyanidins

O-Methylated anthocyanidins

Anthocyanins
(anthocyaninidin glycosides)

Glucosides:

Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside)
Chrysanthemin (Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside)
Myrtillin (Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside)
Oenin (Malvidin 3-O-glucoside)
Peonidin 3-O-glucoside
Petunidin 3-O-glucoside
Pulchellidin 3-glucoside

Diglucosides:

Cyanin (Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside)
Delphin (Delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside)
Malvin (Malvidin 3,5-diglucoside)
Pelargonin (Pelargonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside)
Peonin (Peonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside)
Petunin (Petunidin 3,5-O-diglucoside)

Others glycosides:

Antirrhinin (Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside)
Ideain (Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside)
Delphinidin 3-O-rhamnoside
Petunidin 3-O-arabinoside
Petunidin 3-O-galactoside
Petunidin 3-O-rhamnoside
Petunidin 3-O-rutinoside
Primulin (Malvidin 3-O-galactoside)
Pulchellidin 3-rhamnoside
Tulipanin (Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside)

Acylated anthocyanins

Acetylated anthocyanins	Cyanidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)glucoside Delphinidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)glucoside Malvidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)glucoside Petunidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)galactoside Petunidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)glucoside Peonidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)glucoside
Coumaroylated anthocyanins (cis- and trans-)	Cyanidin 3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside Delphinidin 3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside Malvidin 3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside Petunidin 3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside Peonidin 3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside
Caffeoylated anthocyanins	Malvidin 3-O-(6-p-caffeoyl)glucoside Peonidin 3-O-(6-p-caffeoyl)glucoside
Malonylated anthocyanins	Malonylmalvin (malvidin 3-(6″-malonylglucoside)-5-glucoside)
Acylated anthocyanin diglycosides	Cyanidin 3-O-(di-p-coumarylglucoside)-5-glucoside Gentiodelphin (delphinidin 3-''O''-glucosyl-5-''O''-(6-''O''-caffeoyl-glucosyl)-3′-''O''-(6-''O''-caffeoyl-glucoside)) Nasunin (Delphinidin 3-(p-coumaroylrutinoside)-5-glucoside) Petanin (petunidin 3-[6-O-(4-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) Violdelphin (Delphinidin 3-rutinoside-7-O-(6-O-(4-(6-O-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucosyl)oxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucoside)