List of nuclear weapons tests of France
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (March 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
- View a machine-translated version of the French article.
- Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
- Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,443 articles in the main category, and specifying
|topic=
will aid in categorization. - Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
- You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Liste des essais nucléaires français]]; see its history for attribution.
- You may also add the template
{{Translated|fr|Liste des essais nucléaires français}}
to the talk page. - For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
France executed nuclear weapons tests in the areas of Reggane and In Ekker in Algeria and the Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls in French Polynesia, from 13 February 1960 through 27 January 1996. These totaled 210 tests with 210 device explosions, 50 in the atmosphere.[1]
List
Series or years | Years covered | Tests[Summ 1] | Devices fired | Devices with unknown yield | Peaceful use tests | Non-PTBT tests[Summ 2] | Yield range (kilotons) [Summ 3] | Total yield (kilotons) [Summ 4] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reggane | 1960 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 to 65 | 78 | |||
In Ekker | 1961–1966 | 13 | 13 | 4 | 0 to 127 | 286 | |||
1966–1970 | 1966–1970 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 0 to 2,600 | 8,044 | |||
1971–1974 | 1971–1974 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 0 to 955 | 2,082 | |||
1975–1978 | 1975–1978 | 27 | 27 | 0 to 64 | 259 | ||||
1979–1980 | 1979–1980 | 22 | 22 | 0 to 112 | 474 | ||||
1981–1982 | 1981–1982 | 22 | 22 | 0 to 56 | 195 | ||||
1983–1985 | 1983–1985 | 25 | 25 | 0,25 to 80 | 537 | ||||
1986–1988 | 1986–1988 | 24 | 24 | 2 to 103 | 625 | ||||
1989–1991 | 1989–1991 | 21 | 21 | 0 to 118 | 755 | ||||
1995–1996 | 1995–1996 | 6 | 6 | 8 to 97 | 231 | ||||
Totals | 1960, Feb 13 to 1996, Jan 27 | 210 | 210 | 4 | 55 | 0 to 2,600 | 13,567 | Total country yield is 2.5% of all nuclear testing. |
- ^ Includes all tests with potential for nuclear fission or fusion explosion, including combat use, singleton tests, salvo tests, zero yield fails, safety experiments, and bombs incapacitated by accidents but still intended to be fired. It does not include hydronuclear and subcritical tests, and misfires of a device which was subsequently fired successfully.
- ^ Number of tests which would have been in violation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, such as atmospheric, space or underwater tests. Some "peaceful use" cratering tests which should have been violations were protested, and later quietly dropped.
- ^ "Small" refers to a value greater than zero but less than 0.5 kt.
- ^ Some yields are described like "< 20 kt"; such are scored at one half of the numeric amount, i.e., yield of 10k in this example. "Unknown yield" adds nothing to the total.
See also
References
- ^ Norris, Robert S. (1996). "French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons Testing" (PDF). Security Dialog. 27 (1). Sage Publications: 39–54. doi:10.1177/0967010696027001006. S2CID 144681530. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2014. Discrepancies between those totals and the table below consist in two undocumented tests mentioned in other sources and five safety tests in an area near In Ekker named Adar Tickertane.
Sources
- Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). "CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)". SMDC Monitoring Research.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Andryushi, LA; Voloshin, N.P.; Ilkaev, R.I.; Matushchenko, A.M.; Ryabev, L.D.; Strukov, V.G.; Chernyshev, A.K.; Yudin, Yu.A. Mikhailov, V.N. (ed.). "Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
- Wm Robert Johnston, PhD. "Johnston Archive of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved 2013-12-31.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)
- v
- t
- e
disasters
and
incidents
- Crimes involving radioactive substances
- Criticality accidents and incidents
- Nuclear meltdown accidents
- Military nuclear accidents
- Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
- Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
- Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country
- Nuclear weapons tests
- Sunken nuclear submarines
- List of orphan source incidents
- Nuclear power accidents by country
accidents
and sites
- 2019 Nyonoksa radiation accident
- 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident
- 2001 Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident
- 1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident
- 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident
- 1987 Goiânia accident
- 1986 Chernobyl disaster
- 1985 Chazhma Bay nuclear accident
- 1985–1987 Therac-25 accident
- 1982 Andreev Bay nuclear accident
- 1980 Kramatorsk radiological accident
- 1979 Three Mile Island accident and Three Mile Island accident health effects
- 1969 Lucens reactor
- 1962 Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll under Operation Fishbowl
- 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
- 1961 K-19 nuclear accident
- 1961 SL-1 nuclear meltdown
- 1957 Kyshtym disaster
- 1957 Windscale fire
- 1957 Operation Plumbbob
- 1954 Totskoye nuclear exercise
- Bikini Atoll
- Hanford Site
- Rocky Flats Plant
- 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
topics
- International Nuclear Event Scale (INES)
- Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack
- Books about nuclear issues
- Films about nuclear issues
- Anti-war movement
- Bikini Atoll
- Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
- History of the anti-nuclear movement
- International Day against Nuclear Tests
- Nuclear close calls
- Nuclear-Free Future Award
- Nuclear-free zone
- Nuclear power debate
- Nuclear power phase-out
- Nuclear weapons debate
- Peace activists
- Peace movement
- Peace camp
- Russell–Einstein Manifesto
- Smiling Sun
Nuclear technology portal Category