Recognition of same-sex unions in the British Overseas Territories

  Marriage
  Marriage for expat personnel and dependents only
  British sovereignty not recognized internationally
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition
  Unrecognized
A Isle of Man; B Guernsey; C Jersey; 1 United Kingdom; 2 Gibraltar; 3 Akrotiri and Dhekelia; 4 Bermuda; 5 Turks and Caicos Islands; 6 British Virgin Islands; 7 Anguilla; 8 Cayman Islands; 9 Montserrat; 10 Pitcairn Islands; 11 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; 12 British Indian Ocean Territory; 13 Falkland Islands; 14 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; (15) British Antarctic Territory
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342 MSM activity made illegal
1533 Death penalty introduced for MSM activity
1543 Buggery Act extended to Wales
1828 Offences Against the Person Act 1828
1835 James Pratt and John Smith executed
1861 Death penalty for buggery abolished
1885 Labouchere Amendment introduced
1889 Cleveland Street scandal
1895 Oscar Wilde found guilty of gross indecency
1912 The Cave of the Golden Calf opens
1921 Plans to make lesbian activity illegal defeated
1936 Mark Weston transitions
1952 John Nott-Bower begins crackdown
1954 Pitt-Rivers, Montagu, Wildeblood imprisoned
1954 Alan Turing commits suicide
1957 Wolfenden report released
1967 MSM activity made legal (England & Wales)
1972 First British Gay Pride Rally
1976 Jeremy Thorpe resigns as Liberal leader
1981 MSM activity made legal (Scotland)
1981 First case of AIDS reported in the UK
1982 MSM activity made legal (NI)
1983 Gay men barred from donating blood
1984 Chris Smith elected as first openly gay MP
1987 Operation Spanner begins
1988 Section 28 comes into force
1989 Stonewall UK forms
1994 Age of consent for MSM becomes 18
1997 Angela Eagle becomes first openly lesbian MP
1998 Bolton 7 found guilty
1998 Lord Alli becomes first openly gay Lord
1999 Admiral Duncan bombing
2000 Gay men allowed in HM Armed Forces
2001 Age of consent equalised to 16
2001 MSM activity involving multiple men legal
2002 Same sex couples granted equal rights to adopt
2003 Section 28 repealed
2004 Civil partnerships introduced
2004 Gender Recognition Act 2004
2006 Discrimination made illegal
2008 Equalised access to IVF for lesbian couples
2008 Incitement to homophobic hatred made a crime
2009 Public apology to Alan Turing
2010 Equality Act 2010
2011 Gay men allowed to donate blood (1 yr deferral)
2013 Nikki Sinclaire becomes first openly trans MEP
2013 Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
2014 First same-sex marriages take place
2016 MSM activity not grounds for military discharge
2017 Turing law implemented
2017 Blood donation deferral 3 months (excl. NI)
2019 MPs legislate for gay marriage in NI
2020 Gay marriage legal across UK, incl. NI
2020 Blood donation deferral 3 months (incl. NI)
2021 Blood donation deferral equalised
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Legal status of
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Notes
  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. All EU member states except Romania follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
* Not yet in effect
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Among the fourteen British Overseas Territories, eight – Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands – recognise and perform same-sex marriages. In the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, only British military and civilian personnel can enter into same-sex marriages and civil partnerships.

The five Caribbean territories do not recognise same-sex unions. Three specify the right of opposite-sex couples to marry in their constitutions, though they have no laws prohibiting same-sex marriage. Same-sex civil partnerships are performed in the Cayman Islands and Bermuda.

United Kingdom government

The UK Government retains the right to impose same-sex marriage on territories that do not recognise the unions, as it did through an Order in Council to decriminalise homosexuality in recalcitrant territories in 2001. In February 2019, the Foreign Affairs Select Committee recommended that the UK Government impose a deadline on territories to legalise same-sex marriage and, if that deadline is not met, intervene through legislation or an Order in Council.[1][2] The May Government later rejected this recommendation in a statement to parliament.[3]

Recognition per territory

Flag Name Location Comments
Same-sex marriage
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Cyprus, Mediterranean Sea Same-sex marriage has been legal in the Sovereign Base Areas for UK military personnel since 3 June 2014.[4] Civil partnerships have been allowed for military personnel since 7 December 2005.[5]
British Antarctic Territory Antarctica An ordinance allowing same-sex marriage was proclaimed by the Commissioner Peter Hayes on 13 October 2016 and took effect forthwith.[6]
British Indian Ocean Territory Indian Ocean Same-sex marriage has been legal in the British Indian Ocean Territory since 3 June 2014. An ordinance to legalise such marriages was approved by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 28 April 2014.[7]
Falkland Islands South Atlantic Ocean On 30 March 2017, the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands approved the Marriage (Amendment) Bill 2017 by a vote of 7 to 1.[8] It became law on 13 April 2017.[9]
Gibraltar Iberian Peninsula, Continental Europe In January 2014, the Civil Partnership Bill 2014 was published for community consultation and headed for the introduction to the Gibraltar Parliament.[10] On 21 March, the bill was approved by the parliament with no noticeable opposition.[11] The bill was given Royal Assent on 25 March. The law and related rules and regulations took effect on 28 March.[12][13][14][15] The law also allows adoption of children by couples in a civil partnership, as mandated by the 2013 Court ruling.

On 26 October 2016, the Civil Marriage Amendment Bill 2016 was passed unanimously in the Gibraltar Parliament, thus legalising same-sex marriage. The bill received Royal Assent on 1 November 2016, and came into force on 15 December 2016.[16]

Pitcairn Islands Pacific Ocean Same-sex marriage has been legal on the Pitcairn Islands since 14 May 2015[17] after being unanimously passed by the Pitcairn Island Council on 1 April 2015.[18][19]
Saint Helena South Atlantic Ocean Same-sex marriage is legal on all three islands.

An ordinance to this effect was approved unanimously by the Ascension Island Council on 31 May 2016.[20] It was signed by the Governor and published in the official gazette on 20 June.[21] On 23 December 2016, the Governor issued an order to commence the law on 1 January 2017.[22][23]

On 23 February 2017, after consultation with the Governor of Saint Helena, the Tristan da Cunha Island Council agreed that a law to legalise same-sex marriage would go forward formally for adoption.[24] An ordinance extending the Ascension Island same-sex marriage law to Tristan da Cunha went into effect on 4 August 2017 after being published in the government gazette on the same day.[25]

In January 2017, a same-sex couple applied to get married in Saint Helena. The registrar was in the process of obtaining legal advice as to how to proceed (the existing 1851 marriage ordinance is unclear on same-sex marriage) when two members of the public filed caveats (objections) to the marriage notice. Subsequently, the registrar referred the issue to the chief justice for a decision. A preliminary hearing took place in the Supreme Court on 23 February 2017.[26] The newly elected legislative council began public consultations on reintroducing the withdrawn 2016 equal marriage bill in October 2017.[27] On 19 December 2017, the legislative council passed the same-sex marriage bill on a 9–2 vote. The governor signed the bill into law on 20 December 2017.[28]

Ascension South Atlantic Ocean
Tristan da Cunha South Atlantic Ocean
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Atlantic Ocean Same sex marriage has been legal in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands since 2014.[29][30]
Other Type of Union
Bermuda North Atlantic Ocean On 5 May 2017, the Supreme Court of Bermuda issued a ruling legalising same-sex marriage.[31][32] In December 2017, the legislature passed the Domestic Partnerships Act 2018, replacing same-sex marriage with domestic partnerships.[33] The law received royal assent on 7 February 2018 and went into effect on 1 June 2018.[34][35] On 6 June 2018, in response to two lawsuits filed by LGBT rights activists, the Supreme Court revoked the parts of the law which banned same-sex marriages. The ruling was stayed pending appeal, which the government lost in the Court of Appeal on 23 November 2018. The government has appealed the decision to the Privy Council, which heard its case 3–4 February 2021.[36] On 14 March 2022 the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ruled against the Court of Appeal, banning same-sex marriage once again. In July 2022, laws were passed within Bermuda to retrospectively backdate same-sex marriage legality formally prior to March 2022.[clarification needed][37]
Cayman Islands Caribbean, North Atlantic Ocean Same-sex civil partnerships became legal upon enactment of the Civil Partnership Act by the Governor, using his reserve powers, on 4 September 2020. Civil Partnerships are considered functionally equivalent to marriage, including adoption and inheritance rights.[38]

On 14 March 2022 the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council rejected a civil suit seeking legalisation of same-sex marriage.

No recognition
Anguilla Caribbean, North Atlantic Ocean Anguilla does not recognise same-sex unions, though commitment ceremonies are performed on the island.[39]
British Virgin Islands Caribbean, North Atlantic Ocean Public officials in the British Virgin Islands have declared that same-sex marriage is illegal there, though it is not prohibited under British Virgin Islands law.[40][41] The British Virgin Islands have an extremely religious society,[42] and no discussion relating to legalisation has yet occurred in the House of Assembly. Church leaders have indicated hostility towards the possibility of legalisation,[43] and political leaders have taken an unsympathetic approach in public.[44] The British Government has confirmed that it will not impose recognition of same-sex marriages in the British Virgin Islands by way of Order-in-Council.[45] The Constitution does, however, prohibit discrimination against people on the basis of sexual orientation.[46]
Montserrat Caribbean, North Atlantic Ocean Montserrat does not recognise same-sex unions. Article 10(1) of the Constitution reads:
Notwithstanding anything in section 16, every man and woman of marriageable age (as determined by or under any law) has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex and to found a family.[47]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean, North Atlantic Ocean The Turks and Caicos Islands do not recognise same-sex unions. Article 10 of the Constitution reads:
Every unmarried man and woman of marriageable age (as determined by or under any law) has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex and found a family.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories: Resetting the relationship". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 21 February 2019. Refer to recommendation 4.63 of the report
  2. ^ "Force British territories to legalize gay marriage, report says". Reuters. 23 February 2019.
  3. ^ "UK Gov't rejects report calling for voting changes, same-sex marriage in OTS". Cayman27.ky. 12 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Civil Partnership (Armed Forces) Order 2005" (PDF).
  6. ^ "The Marriage Ordinance 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  7. ^ "Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. 28 April 2014.
  8. ^ "RECORD OF THE MEETING OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY – HELD AT NORTH ARM (30 MARCH 2017)". Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands. pp. 38–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  9. ^ Salerno, Rob (22 June 2017). "Falkland Islands Same-sex Marriage Update". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017.
  10. ^ "Command Paper on a draft bill to make provision for civil partnerships" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  11. ^ "Gibraltar approves civil partnerships bill". 21 March 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  12. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  13. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP (FEES) REGULATIONS 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  14. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP RULES 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  15. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  16. ^ "Parliament passes same-sex marriage law – Gibraltar Chronicle". chronicle.gi. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  17. ^ "Pitcairn Island, population 48, passes law to allow same-sex marriage". The Guardian. Associated Press. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 15 December 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  18. ^ "PITCAIRN ISLAND COUNCIL – Minutes of Meeting held in The Square – Public Hall (Wednesday, 01 April 2015)" (PDF). government.pn. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  19. ^ "PITCAIRN ISLAND COUNCIL – Minutes of Meeting held in The Square – Public Hall (Wednesday, 22 April 2015)" (PDF). government.pn. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  20. ^ "Island Council Report – 31 May 2016" (PDF). Government of Ascension Island. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  21. ^ "Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016" (PDF). Government of Ascension Island. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  22. ^ "The St. Helena Government Gazette No 111 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  23. ^ "Marriage (Ascension) (Commencement) Order, 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  24. ^ "Facebook Post by Governor Lisa Phillips of Saint Helena". Facebook.com. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  25. ^ "Tweet by Governor Lisa Phillips". Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  26. ^ "SUPREME COURT". 23 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  27. ^ "South Atlantic Sentinel" (PDF).
  28. ^ "Same-sex marriage approved for St Helena: opponent calls for society to embrace the result". St Helena Online. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  29. ^ "Local laws and customs - South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (British Overseas Territory) travel advice - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  30. ^ "Getting Married – Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands". Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Landmark same-sex ruling". The Royal Gazette. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  32. ^ "W Godwin et al v Registra General [2017] SC (Bda) 36 Civ" (PDF). Supreme Court of Bermuda. 5 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2017.
  33. ^ "Bermuda to ban same-sex marriage months after it was legalised". The Guardian. 14 December 2017.
  34. ^ "Governor Gives Assent: Domestic Partnership Act". Bernews.com. 7 February 2018.
  35. ^ "Bermuda's ban on same-sex weddings comes into effect". Jamaica Observer. 1 June 2018.
  36. ^ "OUTBermuda: 53% Favour Same-Sex Marriage". 17 September 2020.
  37. ^ "Same-sex marriages validated". 18 July 2022.
  38. ^ Ragoonath, Reshma (4 September 2020). "Governor approves same-sex partnerships law". Cayman Compass. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  39. ^ "Anguilla Gay Weddings, Gay Wedding Venue in Anguilla, Gay Wedding in Anguilla".
  40. ^ "No gay marriage in VI, but could it be legal?". BVI Beacon. 3 July 2015.
  41. ^ Genevieve Glatsky (16 April 2019). "Cayman government to appeal same-sex marriage ruling". BVI Beacon.
  42. ^ The constitution of the Virgin Islands defines the country as one which "believes in God" (at section 2(1)). See also: Christianity by country.
  43. ^ "Church Leaders Hopeful BVI Will Stand Ground Against Same Sex Marriages". BVI Platinum news. 12 May 2012.
  44. ^ "None Of Us Will Probably Vote For Same Sex Marriage – Health Minister". BVI Platinum News. 19 February 2013.
  45. ^ "UK Will Not Force BVI To Accept Same Sex Marriage – Governor". Platinum News. 20 January 2014.
  46. ^ The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, sections 9 and 26.
  47. ^ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  48. ^ "The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011" (PDF). Government of United Kingdom (legislation.gov.uk). Retrieved 30 January 2016.
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