Daftar penerima Nobel
Penghargaan Nobel (bahasa Swedia: Nobelpriset, bahasa Norwegia: Nobelprisen) adalah penghargaan yang diberikan secara tahunan oleh Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia, Akademi Swedia, Institut Karolinska, dan Komite Nobel Norwegia kepada individu dan organisasi yang membuat jasa-jasa menakjubkan dalam bidang kimia, fisika, sastra, perdamaian, dan fisiologi atau kedokteran[1] Penghargaan-penghargaan tersebut didirikan pada 1895 atas kehendak Alfred Nobel, yang memerintahkan agar penghargaan tersebut diurus oleh Yayasan Nobel. Nobel Ekonomi didirikan pada 1968 oleh Sveriges Riksbank, bank sentral Swedia, terhadap jasa-jasa pada bidang ekonomi. Setiap penerima meraih sebuah medali emas, sebuah diploma, dan sejumlah uang, yang diberikan oleh Yayasan Nobel, secara tahunan.[2]
Penghargaan
Setiap penghargaan diberikan oleh komite yang terpisah; Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia memberikan Penghargaan Fisika, Kimia, dan Ekonomi, Institut Karolinska memberikan Penghargaan Fisiologi atau Kedokteran, dan Komite Nobel Norwegia memberikan Penghargaan Perdamaian.[3] Setiap penerima meraih sebuah medali, sebuah diploma dan penghargaan uang yang jumlahnya bervariasi setiap tahun.[2] Pada 1901, para penerima Penghargaan Nobel pertama diberikan 150,782 SEK, yang setara dengan 7,731,004 SEK pada Desember 2007. Pada 2008, para penerima diberikan penghargaan sejumlah 10,000,000 SEK.[4] Penghargaan tersebut dipersembahkan di Stockholm dalam sebuah acara tahunan pada 10 Desember 10, hari peringatan kematian Nobel.[5]
Pada beberapa tahun, Penghargaan Nobel tidak diberikan karena peristiwa-peristiwa eksternal atau kurangnya nominasi, penghargaan uang dikembalikan kepada yayasan mendelegasikan untuk penghargaan relevan.[6] Penghargaan Nobel tidak diberikan antara 1940 dan 1942 karena pecahnya Perang Dunia II.[7]
Penerima
Antara 1901 dan 2015, Penghargaan Nobel dan Nobel Ekonomi dianugerahkan 573 kali kepada 900 orang dan organisasi. Dengan beberapa meraih Penghargaan Nobel lebih dari sekali, hal ini membuat jumlahnya menjadi 870 individual (mencakup 822 pria, 48 wanita) dan 21 organisasi. Empat penerima Nobel tidak diizinkan oleh pemerintah mereka untuk mendapatkan Penghargaan Nobel. Adolf Hitler melarang tiga orang Jerman, Richard Kuhn (Kimia, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Kimia, 1939), dan Gerhard Domagk (Fisiologi atau Kedokteran, 1939), untuk menerima Penghargaan Nobel mereka, dan pemerintah Uni Soviet menyuruh Boris Pasternak (Sastra, 1958) untuk menolak penghargaannya. Dua penerima Nobel, Jean-Paul Sartre (Sastra, 1964) dan Lê Ðức Thọ (Perdamaian, 1973), menolak penghargaan tersebut; Sartre menolak penghargaan tersebut karena ia menolak semua penghargaan resmi, dan Lê menolah penghargaan tersebut karena situasi Vietnam pada waktu itu.
Enam penerima meraih lebih dari satu penghargaan; dari keenamnya, Komite Palang Merah Internasional telah meraih Nobel Perdamaian sebanyak tiga kali, lebih banyak ketimbang yang lainnya.[8] UNHCR telah meraih penghargaan tersebut sebanyak dua kali dengan Nobel Perdamaian. Selain itu, Nobel Fisika diberikan kepada John Bardeen sebanyak dua kali, dan Nobel Kimia kepada Frederick Sanger. Dua penerima mendapatkan penghargaan sebanyak dua kali namun tidak pada bidang yang sama: Marie Curie (Fisika dan Kimia) dan Linus Pauling (Kimia dan Perdamaian). Di antara 870 penerima Nobel, 48 adalah wanita; wanita pertama yang meraih Penghargaan Nobel adalah Marie Curie, yang meraih Penghargaan Fisika pada 1903.[9] Ia juga menjadi orang pertama (laki-laki atau perempuan) yang meraih dua Penghargaan Nobel, penghargaan yang kedua adalah Nobel Kimia, yang diberikan pada 1911.[8]
Daftar penerima
Tahun | Fisika | Kimia | Fisiologi dan Kedokteran | Sastra | Perdamaian | Ekonomi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Röntgen, WilhelmWilhelm Röntgen | Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 'tJacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | von Behring, Emil AdolfEmil Adolf von Behring | Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme | Dunant, HenryHenry Dunant; Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy | — |
1902 | Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz; Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman | Fischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil Fischer | Ross, RonaldRonald Ross | Mommsen, TheodorTheodor Mommsen | Ducommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun; Gobat, Charles AlbertCharles Albert Gobat | — |
1903 | Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel; Curie, PierrePierre Curie; Curie, MarieMarie Curie | Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius | Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen | Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Cremer, RandalRandal Cremer | — |
1904 | Rayleigh, The LordThe Lord Rayleigh | Ramsay, WilliamWilliam Ramsay | Pavlov, IvanIvan Pavlov | Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral; Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray | Institut de Droit International | — |
1905 | Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard | Baeyer, Adolf vonAdolf von Baeyer | Koch, RobertRobert Koch | Sienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz | Suttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner | — |
1906 | Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson | Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan | Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi; Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal | Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci | Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt | — |
1907 | Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson | Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner | Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran | Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling | Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta; Renault, LouisLouis Renault | — |
1908 | Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann | Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford | Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff; Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich | Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken | Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson; Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer | — |
1909 | Braun, Karl FerdinandKarl Ferdinand Braun; Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi | Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald | Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher | Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf | Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert; d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant | — |
1910 | Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der Waals | Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach | Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel | Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse | International Peace Bureau | — |
1911 | Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien | Curie, MarieMarie Curie | Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand | Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck | Asser, TobiasTobias Asser; Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried | — |
1912 | Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén | Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard; Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier | Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel | Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann | Root, ElihuElihu Root | — |
1913 | Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh Onnes | Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner | Richet, CharlesCharles Richet | Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore | La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine | — |
1914 | von Laue, MaxMax von Laue | Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards | Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
1915 | Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg; Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg | Willstätter, RichardRichard Willstätter | Tidak ada | Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland | Tidak ada | — |
1916 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Heidenstam, Verner vonVerner von Heidenstam | Tidak ada | — |
1917 | Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup; Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan | Palang Merah Internasional | — |
1918 | Planck, MaxMax Planck | Haber, FritzFritz Haber | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
1919 | Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark | Tidak ada | Bordet, JulesJules Bordet | Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler | Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson | — |
1920 | Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard Guillaume | Nernst, WaltherWalther Nernst | Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh | Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun | Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois | — |
1921 | Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein | Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy | Tidak ada | France, AnatoleAnatole France | Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting; Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange | — |
1922 | Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr | Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston | Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill; Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof | Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente | Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen | — |
1923 | Millikan, Robert AndrewsRobert Andrews Millikan | Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl | Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting; Macleod, John James RichardJohn James Richard Macleod | Yeats, W. B.W. B. Yeats | Tidak ada | — |
1924 | Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn | Tidak ada | Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven | Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont | Tidak ada | — |
1925 | Franck, JamesJames Franck; Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav Ludwig Hertz | Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy | Tidak ada | Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw | Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain; Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes | — |
1926 | Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin | Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg | Fibiger, JohannesJohannes Fibiger | Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda | Briand, AristideAristide Briand; Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann | — |
1927 | Compton, ArthurArthur Compton; Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson | Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland | Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg | Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson | Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson; Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde | — |
1928 | Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson | Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle | Undset, SigridSigrid Undset | Tidak ada | — |
1929 | Broglie, Louis deLouis de Broglie | Harden, ArthurArthur Harden; von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin | Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman; Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins | Mann, ThomasThomas Mann | Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg | — |
1930 | Raman, C. V.C. V. Raman | Fischer, HansHans Fischer | Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner | Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis | Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom | — |
1931 | Tidak ada | Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch; Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius | Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg | Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt | Addams, JaneJane Addams; Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler | — |
1932 | Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg | Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir | Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington; Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian | Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy | Tidak ada | — |
1933 | Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger; Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac | Tidak ada | Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan | Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin | Angell, NormanNorman Angell | — |
1934 | Tidak ada | Urey, HaroldHarold Urey | Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple; Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot; Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy | Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello | Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson | — |
1935 | Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick | Joliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie; Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie | Spemann, HansHans Spemann | Tidak ada | von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky | — |
1936 | Hess, Victor FrancisVictor Francis Hess; Anderson, Carl DavidCarl David Anderson | Debye, PeterPeter Debye | Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale; Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi | O'Neill, EugeneEugene O'Neill | Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas | — |
1937 | Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson; Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson | Haworth, NormanNorman Haworth; Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer | Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi | du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard | Cecil of Chelwood, The ViscountThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood | — |
1938 | Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi | Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A] | Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans | Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck | Nansen International Office For Refugees | — |
1939 | Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence | Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A] Ruzicka, LeopoldLeopold Ruzicka | Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A] | Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää | Tidak ada | — |
1940 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
1941 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
1942 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
1943 | Stern, OttoOtto Stern | Hevesy, George deGeorge de Hevesy | Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam; Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
1944 | Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi | Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn | Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger; Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser | Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen | Komite Internasional Palang Merah | — |
1945 | Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli | Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen | Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming; Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain; Florey, HowardHoward Florey | Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral | Hull, CordellCordell Hull | — |
1946 | Bridgman, Percy WilliamsPercy Williams Bridgman | Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner; Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop; Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley | Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller | Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse | Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch; Mott, JohnJohn Mott | — |
1947 | Appleton, Edward VictorEdward Victor Appleton | Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson | Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori; Cori, GertyGerty Cori; Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay | Gide, AndréAndré Gide | Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee | — |
1948 | Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett | Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius | Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller | Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot | Tidak ada[B] | — |
1949 | Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa | Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque | Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess; Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz | Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner | Boyd Orr, JohnJohn Boyd Orr | — |
1950 | Powell, Cecil FrankCecil Frank Powell | Diels, OttoOtto Diels; Alder, KurtKurt Alder | Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench; Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall; Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein | Russell, The EarlThe Earl Russell | Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche | — |
1951 | Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft; Walton, ErnestErnest Walton | McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan; Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg | Theiler, MaxMax Theiler | Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist | Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux | — |
1952 | Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch; Purcell, Edward MillsEdward Mills Purcell | Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin; Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge | Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman | Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac | Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer | — |
1953 | Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike | Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger | Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs; Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann | Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill | Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall | — |
1954 | Born, MaxMax Born; Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe | Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling | Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders; Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins; Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller | Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | — |
1955 | Lamb, WillisWillis Lamb; Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch | du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud | Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell | Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness | Tidak ada | — |
1956 | Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Brattain, Walter HouserWalter Houser Brattain; Shockley, WilliamWilliam Shockley | Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood; Semyonov, NikolayNikolay Semyonov | Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand; Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann; Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards | Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez | Tidak ada | — |
1957 | Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang; Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee | Todd, The LordThe Lord Todd | Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet | Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus | Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson | — |
1958 | Cherenkov, PavelPavel Cherenkov; Frank, IlyaIlya Frank; Tamm, IgorIgor Tamm | Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger | Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle; Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum; Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg | Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C] | Pire, DominiqueDominique Pire | — |
1959 | Segrè, Emilio G.Emilio G. Segrè; Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain | Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský | Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg; Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa | Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo | Noel-Baker, PhilipPhilip Noel-Baker | — |
1960 | Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser | Libby, WillardWillard Libby | Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet; Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar | Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse | Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli | — |
1961 | Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter; Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer | Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin | von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy | Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić | Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld | — |
1962 | Landau, LevLev Landau | Perutz, MaxMax Perutz; Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew | Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick; Watson, James D.James D. Watson; Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins | Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck | Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling | — |
1963 | Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner; Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer; Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen | Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler; Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta | Eccles, JohnJohn Eccles; Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin; Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley | Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis | Komite Internasional Palang Merah; Gerakan Internasional Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah | — |
1964 | Townes, Charles HardCharles Hard Townes; Basov, NikolayNikolay Basov; Prokhorov, AlexanderAlexander Prokhorov | Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin | Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch; Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen | Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D] | King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr. | — |
1965 | Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga; Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger; Feynman, RichardRichard Feynman | Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward | Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob; Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff; Monod, JacquesJacques Monod | Sholokhov, MikhailMikhail Sholokhov | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) | — |
1966 | Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler | Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken | Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous; Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins | Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon; Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs | Tidak ada | — |
1967 | Bethe, HansHans Bethe | Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen; Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish; Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter | Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit; Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline; Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald | Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias | Tidak ada | — |
1968 | Alvarez, Luis WalterLuis Walter Alvarez | Onsager, LarsLars Onsager | Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley; Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana; Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg | Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata | Cassin, RenéRené Cassin | — |
1969 | Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann | Barton, DerekDerek Barton; Hassel, OddOdd Hassel | Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück; Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey; Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria | Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett | International Labour Organization | Frisch, RagnarRagnar Frisch; Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen |
1970 | Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén; Néel, LouisLouis Néel | Leloir, Luis FedericoLuis Federico Leloir | Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod; von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler; Katz, BernardBernard Katz | Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug | Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson |
1971 | Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor | Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg | Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. | Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda | Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt | Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets |
1972 | Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Cooper, LeonLeon Cooper; Schrieffer, John RobertJohn Robert Schrieffer | Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen; Moore, StanfordStanford Moore; Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein | Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman; Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter | Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll | Tidak ada | Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks; Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow |
1973 | Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki; Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever; Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson | Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer; Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson | von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch; Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz; Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen | White, PatrickPatrick White | Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger; Duc Tho, LeLe Duc Tho[E] | Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief |
1974 | Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle; Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish | Flory, PaulPaul Flory | Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude; de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve; Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade | Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson; Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson | MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride; Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō | Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal; Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek |
1975 | Bohr, AageAage Bohr; Mottelson, Ben RoyBen Roy Mottelson; Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater | Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth; Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog | Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore; Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco; Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin | Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale | Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov | Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich; Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans |
1976 | Richter, BurtonBurton Richter; Ting, Samuel C. C.Samuel C. C. Ting | Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb | Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg; Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek | Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow | Williams, BettyBetty Williams; Maguire, MaireadMairead Maguire | Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman |
1977 | Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson; Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott; Van Vleck, John HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck Van Vleck | Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine | Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin; Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally; Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow | Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre | Amnesty International | Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin; Meade, JamesJames Meade |
1978 | Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa; Penzias, Arno AllanArno Allan Penzias; Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson | Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell | Arber, WernerWerner Arber; Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans; Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith | Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer | Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat; Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin | Simon, Herbert A.Herbert A. Simon |
1979 | Glashow, Sheldon LeeSheldon Lee Glashow; Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam; Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg | Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown; Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig | Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack; Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield | Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis | Teresa, MotherMother Teresa | Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz; Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis |
1980 | Cronin, JamesJames Cronin; Fitch, Val LogsdonVal Logsdon Fitch | Berg, PaulPaul Berg; Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert; Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger | Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf; Dausset, JeanJean Dausset; Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell | Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz | Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel | Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein |
1981 | Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen; Schawlow, Arthur LeonardArthur Leonard Schawlow; Siegbahn, KaiKai Siegbahn | Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui; Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann | Sperry, Roger WolcottRoger Wolcott Sperry; Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel; Wiesel, TorstenTorsten Wiesel | Canetti, EliasElias Canetti | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Tobin, JamesJames Tobin |
1982 | Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson | Klug, AaronAaron Klug | Bergström, SuneSune Bergström; Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson; Vane, JohnJohn Vane | Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez | Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal; Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles | Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler |
1983 | Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; Fowler, William AlfredWilliam Alfred Fowler | Taube, HenryHenry Taube | McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock | Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding | Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa | Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu |
1984 | Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia; van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer | Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield | Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne; Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler; Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein | Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert | Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu | Stone, RichardRichard Stone |
1985 | von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing | Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman; Karle, JeromeJerome Karle | Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown; Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein | Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani |
1986 | Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska; Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig; Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer | Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach; Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee; Polanyi, JohnJohn Polanyi | Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen; Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini | Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka | Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel | Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan |
1987 | Bednorz, Johannes GeorgJohannes Georg Bednorz; Müller, Karl AlexanderKarl Alexander Müller | Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram; Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn; Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen | Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa | Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky | Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias | Solow, RobertRobert Solow |
1988 | Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman; Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz; Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger | Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer; Huber, RobertRobert Huber; Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel | Black, James W.James W. Black; Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion; Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings | Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz | Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian | Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais |
1989 | Ramsey, Jr., Norman FosterNorman Foster Ramsey, Jr.; Dehmelt, Hans GeorgHans Georg Dehmelt; Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul | Altman, SidneySidney Altman; Cech, ThomasThomas Cech | Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop; Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus | Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela | Lama, DalaiDalai Lama | Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo |
1990 | Friedman, Jerome IsaacJerome Isaac Friedman; Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall; Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor | Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey | Murray, JosephJoseph Murray; Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas | Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz | Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev | Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz; Miller, MertonMerton Miller; Sharpe, William ForsythWilliam Forsyth Sharpe |
1991 | Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de Gennes | Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst | Neher, ErwinErwin Neher; Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann | Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer | Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi | Coase, RonaldRonald Coase |
1992 | Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak | Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus | Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer; Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs | Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott | Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú | Becker, GaryGary Becker |
1993 | Hulse, Russell AlanRussell Alan Hulse; Taylor, Jr., Joseph HootonJoseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. | Mullis, KaryKary Mullis; Smith, MichaelMichael Smith | Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts; Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp | Morrison, ToniToni Morrison | Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela; de Klerk, F. W.F. W. de Klerk | Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel; North, DouglassDouglass North |
1994 | Brockhouse, BertramBertram Brockhouse; Shull, CliffordClifford Shull | Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah | Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman; Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell | Ōe, KenzaburōKenzaburō Ōe | Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat; Peres, ShimonShimon Peres; Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin | Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi; Nash, Jr., John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash, Jr.; Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten |
1995 | Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl; Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines | Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen; Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina; Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland | Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis; Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard; Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus | Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney | Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs | Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr. |
1996 | Lee, David MorrisDavid Morris Lee; Osheroff, DouglasDouglas Osheroff; Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson | Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.; Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto; Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley | Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty; Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel | Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska | Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta | Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees; Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey |
1997 | Chu, StevenSteven Chu; Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji; Phillips, William DanielWilliam Daniel Phillips | Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer; Walker, John E.John E. Walker; Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou | Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner | Fo, DarioDario Fo | International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Williams, JodyJody Williams | Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton; Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes |
1998 | Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin; Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst Ludwig Störmer; Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui | Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn; Pople, JohnJohn Pople | Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott; Ignarro, LouisLouis Ignarro; Murad, FeridFerid Murad | Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago | Hume, JohnJohn Hume; Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble | Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen |
1999 | Hooft, Gerard 'tGerard 't Hooft; Veltman, Martinus J. G.Martinus J. G. Veltman | Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail | Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel | Grass, GünterGünter Grass | Médecins Sans Frontières | Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell |
2000 | Alferov, ZhoresZhores Alferov; Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer; Kilby, JackJack Kilby | Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger; MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid; Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa | Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson; Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard; Kandel, EricEric Kandel | Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian | Dae-jung, KimKim Dae-jung | Heckman, JamesJames Heckman; McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden |
2001 | Cornell, Eric AllinEric Allin Cornell; Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle; Wieman, CarlCarl Wieman | Knowles, William StandishWilliam Standish Knowles; Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless | Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell; Hunt, TimTim Hunt; Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse | Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul | United Nations; Annan, KofiKofi Annan | Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof; Spence, MichaelMichael Spence; Stiglitz, JosephJoseph Stiglitz |
2002 | Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.; Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba; Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi | Fenn, JohnJohn Fenn; Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka; Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich | Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner; Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz; Sulston, JohnJohn Sulston | Kertész, ImreImre Kertész | Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter | Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman; Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith |
2003 | Abrikosov, Alexei AlexeyevichAlexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov; Ginzburg, VitalyVitaly Ginzburg; Leggett, Anthony JamesAnthony James Leggett | Agre, PeterPeter Agre; MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon | Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur; Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield | Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee | Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi | Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle; Granger, CliveClive Granger |
2004 | Gross, DavidDavid Gross; Politzer, Hugh DavidHugh David Politzer; Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek | Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover; Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko; Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose | Axel, RichardRichard Axel; Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck | Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek | Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai | Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland; Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott |
2005 | Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber; Hall, John L.John L. Hall; Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch | Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin; Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs; Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock | Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall; Warren, RobinRobin Warren | Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter | International Atomic Energy Agency; ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei | Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann; Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling |
2006 | Mather, John C.John C. Mather; Smoot, GeorgeGeorge Smoot | Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg | Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire; Mello, CraigCraig Mello | Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk | Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank | Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps |
2007 | Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert; Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg | Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl | Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi; Evans, MartinMartin Evans; Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies | Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Gore, AlAl Gore | Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz; Maskin, EricEric Maskin; Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson |
2008 | Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu; Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi; Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa | Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura; Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie; Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien | zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen; Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi; Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier | Le Clézio, J. M. G.J. M. G. Le Clézio | Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari | Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman |
2009 | Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao; Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle; Smith, George E.George E. Smith | Ramakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan; Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz; Yonath, AdaAda Yonath | Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn; Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider; Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. Szostak | Müller, HertaHerta Müller | Obama, BarackBarack Obama | Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom; Williamson, Oliver E.Oliver E. Williamson |
2010 | Geim, AndreAndre Geim; Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin Novoselov | Heck, RichardRichard Heck; Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi; Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki | Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. Edwards | Vargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas Llosa | Xiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F] | Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond; Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen; Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides |
2011 | Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter; Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess; Schmidt, Brian P.Brian P. Schmidt | Shechtman, DanDan Shechtman | Beutler, BruceBruce Beutler; Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann; Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. Steinman | Tranströmer, TomasTomas Tranströmer | Sirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf; Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee; Karman, TawakkulTawakkul Karman | Sargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent; Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims |
2012 | Haroche, SergeSerge Haroche; Wineland, David J.David J. Wineland | Lefkowitz, Robert J.Robert J. Lefkowitz; Kobilka, Brian K.Brian K. Kobilka | Yamanaka, ShinyaShinya Yamanaka | Yan, MoMo Yan | Eropa, UniUni Eropa | Roth, Alvin E.Alvin E. Roth; Shapley, Lloyd S.Lloyd S. Shapley |
2013 | Englert, FrançoisFrançois Englert; Higgs, Peter W.Peter W. Higgs | Karplus, MartinMartin Karplus; Levitt, MichaelMichael Levitt; Warshel, AriehArieh Warshel | Rothman, James E.James E. Rothman; Schekman, Randy W.Randy W. Schekman; Südhof, Thomas C.Thomas C. Südhof | Munro, AliceAlice Munro | Pelarangan Senjata Kimia, OrganisasiOrganisasi Pelarangan Senjata Kimia | Fama, Eugene F.Eugene F. Fama; Hansen, Lars PeterLars Peter Hansen; Shiller, Robert J.Robert J. Shiller |
2014 | Akasaki, IsamuIsamu Akasaki; Amano, HiroshiHiroshi Amano; Nakamura, ShujiShuji Nakamura | Betzig, EricEric Betzig; Hell, StefanStefan Hell; Moerner, WilliamWilliam Moerner | O'Keefe, JohnJohn O'Keefe; Moser, May-BrittMay-Britt Moser; Moser, EdvardEdvard Moser | Modiano, PatrickPatrick Modiano | Satyarthi, KailashKailash Satyarthi; Yousafzai, MalalaMalala Yousafzai | Tirole, JeanJean Tirole |
2015 | Kajita, TakaakiTakaaki Kajita; McDonald, Arthur B.Arthur B. McDonald | Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl; Modrich, Paul L.Paul L. Modrich; Sancar, AzizAziz Sancar | Campbell, William C.William C. Campbell; Ōmura, SatoshiSatoshi Ōmura; Youyou, TuTu Youyou | Alexievich, SvetlanaSvetlana Alexievich | Kuartet Dialog Nasional, TunisiaTunisia Kuartet Dialog Nasional | Deaton, AngusAngus Deaton |
2016[10] | J. Thouless, DavidDavid J. Thouless; Haldane, DuncanDuncan Haldane; Kosterlitz, John M.John M. Kosterlitz | Sauvage, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Sauvage; Stoddart, FraserFraser Stoddart; Feringa, BenBen Feringa | Ohsumi, YoshinoriYoshinori Ohsumi | Dylan, BobBob Dylan | Santos, Juan ManuelJuan Manuel Santos | Hart, Oliver SimonOliver Simon Hart; Holmström, Bengt R.Bengt R. Holmström |
2017 | Weiss, RainerRainer Weiss; Barish, BarryBarry Barish; Thorne, KipKip Thorne | Dubochet, JacquesJacques Dubochet; Frank, JoachimJoachim Frank; Henderson, RichardRichard Henderson | Hall, Jeffrey C.Jeffrey C. Hall; Rosbash, MichaelMichael Rosbash; Young, Michael W.Michael W. Young | Kazuo Ishiguro | Kampanye Internasional untuk Peniadaan Senjata Nuklir | Thaler, RichardRichard Thaler |
2018 | Ashkin, ArthurArthur Ashkin; Mourou, GérardGérard Mourou; Strickland, DonnaDonna Strickland | Arnold, Frances H.Frances H. Arnold; Smith, George P.George P. Smith; Winter, GregGreg Winter | Allison, James P.James P. Allison; Honjo, TasukuTasuku Honjo | Tokarczuk, OlgaOlga Tokarczuk[G] | Mukwege, DenisDenis Mukwege; Murad, NadiaNadia Murad | Nordhaus, WilliamWilliam Nordhaus; Romer, PaulPaul Romer |
2019 | James Peebles Michel Mayor Didier Queloz | John B. Goodenough M. Stanley Whittingham Akira Yoshino | William Kaelin Jr. Peter J. Rattclife Gregg L. Semenza | Peter Handke | Abiy Ahmed | Abhijit Banerjee Esther Duflo Michael Kremer |
2020 | Penrose, RogerRoger Penrose Ghez, Andrea M.Andrea M. Ghez Genzel, ReinhardReinhard Genzel | Charpentier, EmmanuelleEmmanuelle Charpentier Doudna, JenniferJennifer Doudna | Alter, Harvey J.Harvey J. Alter Houghton, MichaelMichael Houghton Rice, Charles M.Charles M. Rice | Glück, LouiseLouise Glück | Pangan Dunia, ProgramProgram Pangan Dunia | Milgrom, Paul R.Paul R. Milgrom Wilson, Robert B.Robert B. Wilson |
2021 | Parisi, GiorgioGiorgio Parisi; Hasselmann, KlausKlaus Hasselmann; Manabe, SyukuroSyukuro Manabe | List, BenjaminBenjamin List; MacMillan, DavidDavid MacMillan | Julius, DavidDavid Julius; Patapoutian, ArdemArdem Patapoutian | Gurnah, AbdulrazakAbdulrazak Gurnah | Ressa, MariaMaria Ressa; Muratov, DmitryDmitry Muratov | Card, DavidDavid Card; Angrist, JoshuaJoshua Angrist; Imbens, GuidoGuido Imbens |
2022 | Aspect, AlainAlain Aspect; Clauser, JohnJohn Clauser; Zeilinger, AntonAnton Zeilinger | Bertozzi, CarolynCarolyn Bertozzi; Meldal, Morten P.Morten P. Meldal; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless | Pääbo, SvanteSvante Pääbo | Ernaux, AnnieAnnie Ernaux | Bialiatski, AlesAles Bialiatski; Memorial; Centre for Civil Liberties | Bernanke, BenBen Bernanke; Diamond, DouglasDouglas Diamond; Dybvig, Philip H.Philip H. Dybvig |
2023 | Agostini, PierrePierre Agostini; Krausz, FerencFerenc Krausz; L'Huillier, AnneAnne L'Huillier | Bawendi, MoungiMoungi Bawendi; Brus, Louis E.Louis E. Brus; Ekimov, AlexeyAlexey Ekimov | Karikó, KatalinKatalin Karikó; Weissman, DrewDrew Weissman | Fosse, JonJon Fosse | Mohammadi, NargesNarges Mohammadi | Goldin, ClaudiaClaudia Goldin |
Tahun | Fisika | Kimia | Fisiologi dan Kedokteran | Sastra | Perdamaian | Ekonomi |
Catatan
- A Pada 1938 dan 1939, pemerintah Jerman tidak mengizinkan tiga nominasi Nobel Jerman untuk mendapatkan Penghargaan Nobel mereka. Ketiganya adalah Richard Kuhn, penerima Nobel Kimia pada 1938; Adolf Butenandt, penerima Nobel Kimia pada 1939; dan Gerhard Domagk, penerima Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran pada 1939. Mereka kemudian meraih diploma dan medali Penghargaan Nobel, tetapi tidak dengan uangnya.[8]
- B Pada 1948, Penghargaan Nobel Perdamaian tidak diberikan. Situs web Yayasan Nobel berkata bahwa penghargaan tersebut akan diberikan kepada Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, tetapi, karena pembunuhannya pada tahun sebelumnya, yayasan tersebut memutuskan untuk tidak memberikan penghargaan tersebut.[11]
- C Pada 1958, Boris Pasternak kelahiran Rusia, dibawah bujukan dari pemerintah Uni Soviet, terpaksa menolak Nobel Sastra.[8]
- D Pada 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre menolak untuk diberikan Nobel Perdamaian, karena ia secara konsisten menolak semua penghargaan resmi pada masa lampau.[8]
- E Pada 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ menolak Nobel Perdamaian. Alasannya adalah ia merasa tidak layak karena meskipun ia membantu menegosiasikan Persetujuan Damai Paris (sebuah gencatan senjata dalam Perang Vietnam), peristiwa tersebut tidaklah menjadi perjanjian damai yang sebenarnya.[7][8]
- F Pada 2010, Liu Xiaobo tidak menerima Nobel Perdamaian karena ia dihukum 11 tahun penjara oleh otoritas Tiongkok.[12]
- G Penerima Nobel Sastra 2018 baru diumumkan bersamaan dengan Penerima Nobel Sastra 2019, akibat skandal yang menerpa Akademi Swedia sebagai lembaga yang bertanggung jawab memilih pemenang Nobel Sastra.[13]
Lihat pula
Referensi
- Umum
- "All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-25.
- "All Laureates in Economics". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-25.
- Spesifik
- ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Yayasan Nobel. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-08-22. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27.
- ^ "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
- ^ a b Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30.
- ^ a b c d e f "Nobel Prize Facts". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-11.
- ^ "2016 Nobel Prizes - Prize Announcement Dates". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2016.
- ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 Desember 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2010.
Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 10 Oktober 2011.
- ^ "Two Nobel literature prizes to be awarded after sexual assault scandal". Diakses tanggal 17 Oktober 2019.
Pranala luar
- Situs web resmi Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia
- Situs web resmi Yayasan Nobel
- Basis data unduhan Para Penerima Nobel